Cure for Racism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 716 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Racism Essay Did you like this example? Even though slavery and separation of races ended many years ago, racism can still be found in nursing today. Racism is an immense fault that many health care professionals exhibit in the field. Working in the healthcare field revolves around patient centered care. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cure for Racism" essay for you Create order A major part of patient centered care is accepting the patients culture, race, background, and ethnicity. â€Å"As nurses, we meet and engage with people from all walks of life and cultures in our practice† (Holland, 2018, p.xii). It is important for healthcare professionals to respect and accept patient’s cultures and race. Effective care cannot be achieved if there is no respect for the patient’s culture, trust and a relationship with the patient cannot be built. Racism reflects negatively on a hospital or care facility and makes a patient apprehensive to return. Shephard analyzes patient’s responses to racism in healthcare and â€Å"participants who had experienced racism were more likely to be afraid of visiting typical health care services† (Shephard et al., 2018). Patients who experienced racism during their time in health care facilities become apprehensive about returning. Patients feel as though they are unworthy of healthcare and would prefer to go to a healthcare facility that has a multicultural community. A facility that contains a multicultural community provides the patient with the respect and acceptance they deserve. The diverse group of people working there appreciate the patients culture and understand it. Shephard conveys in his results that Native American’s and other minority groups received poor treatment and were hesitant to return to normal healthcare facilities. A patient should not receive anythin g less than normal treatment because of their race. A healthcare professional’s job is to make a patient feel comfortable and safe in their vulnerable state. Their job is not to belittle the patient and make them feel less than for their difference in culture or race. A patient should have a positive reflection about their stay and should feel confident enough to return. In order to produce effective and powerful nurses, schools and institutions should teach the importance of cultural and racial acceptance in the nursing field. A study was done in healthcare facilities and nurses are scoring a three out of five for cultural competence (Kim, D. Kim, S., 2013). Thus, proving that there is much improvements to be made. Nurses need to know cultural competence and the key components; attitude, awareness, knowledge and skills. By expressing cultural competence, a patient will feel reassured and will better communicate their pain and symptoms with the healthcare professional. The patient needs to feel comfortable and respected around the nurse in order to communicate effectively. Both the nurse and patient need to trust each other, without trust the patient cannot be properly cared for. Racism in the health care can only be eliminated if cultural competence is taught. Nurses and healthcare professionals are important â€Å"Because nurses have the opportunity to impact a vast segment of society, the impact can be positive and meaningful† (Montenerey, S. et al., 2013). It is up to the care taker whether they want to have a positive effect or negative effect on a patient’s stay. While a patient is healthcare facility, they are in their most vulnerable state. Just being there for the patient and listening to them helps them immensely and makes their day. Patient’s pay attention to the little things, it’s what means the most to them. Montenerey analyzes the importance cultural competence has in patient care and how important it is for nurses to be sensitive and understanding towards a patinet’s culture and values. Cultural competence plays a key part in caring for a patient. Just like talking, feeding, or covering the patient up to protect their dignity; these are all parts of patient care. Respecting a person’ s ethnic background, race, and culture are also an important part of patient care. Everyone was raised different and has different backgrounds. However, this does not make them less deserving of standard patient care. Every patient is entitled to equality in care and treatment. Part of being a nurse if putting the job and patient’s first. Whether the nurse believes in the patient’s beliefs too doesn’t matter. A nurse is there to provide care and treatment, not malice and racism.

The Effect Of Particulate Matter On Human Health - 2775 Words

Introduction Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined particulate matter (PM2.5), as an outdoor air pollutant. Also known as air pollution, aerosols, and â€Å"fine† particulate matter, PM2.5 has emerged as one of the most significant environmental and public health concerns over the past several decades. PM2.5 has revealed to hold detrimental affects on human health and is attributable to over 130,0000 deaths annually according to 2005 air quality levels (Hoek et al. 2013; CDC). The processes of economic development, urbanization, energy production, and consumption, and transportation have been the primary driving forces of PM2.5. (EPA; Huang et al, 2014) The term refers to microscopic matter suspended in the Earth’s atmosphere with a diameter of 2.5ÃŽ ¼g or less that can originate from both natural and/or manmade processes (EPA). It is characterized by 5 major components that compromise the mass of the particle: sulfate, nitrate, organic carbon, (OC), elemental carbon (also known as black carbon, BC), and crustal carbon (EPA). Some particles may appear naturally, coming from volcanoes, forest fires, vegetation, and the ocean (EPA). In contrast, particles are also be created by anthropogenic activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and various industrial processes (EPA; Huang et al., 2014). Higher concentrations of the particulate primarily originate from larger sources such as the burning of gasoline in automobiles, oil, diesel and wood (Huang et al.,Show MoreRelatedAir Pollution And Its Effects On Health1647 Words   |  7 Pageshazardous to human health. Air pollution is a complex and abundant mixture of pollutants. T he combination of matter includes particulate matter, chemical substance, biological materials as well as particles that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. Regardless the type of particles it consists of, particulate matter is associated with triggering serious health complications. There is an upsurge in awareness of adverse effects on health due to both acute and chronic exposure to particulate matterRead MoreParticulate Matter – Health Effects Essay634 Words   |  3 PagesDhawan Word Count: 476 PARTICULATE MATTER – HEALTH EFFECTS Particulate Matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny subdivisions of solid or liquid matter suspended in a gas or liquid. Particle pollution is made up of a number of components, including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles. Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. Human activities, such asRead MoreAir Pollution Is A Serious Problem1571 Words   |  7 PagesAir pollution is a very serious problem throughout the world. 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The United States, a developedRead MoreCause: Air Pollution and Natural Sources1389 Words   |  6 PagesCauses * Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment into the atmosphere * The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth s ecosystems. Natural sources Read MoreThe Effects Of Mining On Air Quality1473 Words   |  6 Pageseconomic costs. The focus of this essay will be the affects of mining on air quality. Particulate matter is released in surface mining when overburden is stripped subjecting soil to weather, causing particles to become air borne through road traffic and wind erosion. Particulate emissions are a problem in all form of mining. Mineral dust is a major component of the particulate emissions and is hazardous to human health, the environment, working conditions as well as productivity of the mine. Dust isRead MoreAir Pollution : Clean Air1157 Words   |  5 PagesAir pollution: Clean air is vital to our health. Poor air quality can be particularly critical to the health of children, older people and pregnant women. It also affects the natural environment and liveability of our communities. Air pollution in Australia is not as severe as in other countries, however any amount of pollution can be harmful for the body, this is shown in the studies I will conduct as well as the meta analysis’s I refer to . Although my model and my studies don’t directly cutRead MoreAir Quality With Forest Fires973 Words   |  4 Pageshave doubled. Climate Central reports, this is because of climate change which has brought hotter summers and longer fire seasons. Throughout this paper, I will go over how forest fires are contributing to air pollution, ground ozone, the impacts on humans, and the response to the problem. This is a problem that individuals can’t help but there are ways they can keep safe and stay healthy when forest fires arise in their areas. Naturally occurring forest fires are a necessity for certain species likeRead MoreAssociation between Air Polluiton and Lung Cancer761 Words   |  3 Pagesthe air. Some of the substances can be toxic chemicals which can include sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), ozone (O3), volatile organic compounds and suspended particulate matter (PM). When talking about air pollution we categorize the particles with the term particulate matter (PM). Suspended particulate matter (PM) is divided into three groups based on the diameter of the particle. PM2.5 refers to particles with a diameter less that 2.5 micrometers ( µm), PM10 classifies particlesRead MoreThe Importance of Reducing Detrimental Vehicle Emissions Essays1087 Words   |  5 Pagesseriously affecting the health of humans. As a result, scientists are working on alternate fuel vehicles and zero-emission vehicles. There are many pollutants that are emitted from a regular vehicle today. According to one website, these pollutants include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, ozone, and oxides of sulfur. One may not know that lead was previously in U.S. gasoline but recently was removed. All pollutants are harmful to the human body in some way.

Saint Martin Essay Example For Students

Saint Martin Essay Cofradias were very popular during the 16th-17th-centuries, used as instruments during the Counter Reformation. When they were transferred to Latin-America, they were overthrown into the natives to promote the Christian beliefs. This way they represented the sacred and pagan world in a mythological-ritual system. Consequently, they are believed as a refugee for the survival of the religious, socio-cultural expressions, in which the Maya dwell their wisdom, spirituality and organizing system. Each confraternity is named after one deity or saint which they dedicate to. The process of becoming the official brother has traditionally been the way for a man inside a community to prove his worth to the village and the gods. Each official is responsible of the liturgical celebrations and activities of the saints days. Two and a half centuries after the post-conquest was followed by an intense abandonment of the clergy, a period when the interpretation of the Catholic rituals and symbolisms were syncretized through the natives cosmology. The cultural fusion was facilitated by the cultural-religious trends between the Catholic and Mayan, such as the sacred-holy figures venerated in both cultures. Many of the Christian saints statutes were easily identified with the Guardian-lords, so that today ceremonies in the cofradias are concerned less with the cult of the Saint than with the ancestors, and with Christ as the fountain-head of tradition One can speculate as to why the idea of continuity should be so persistently reiterated in the one aspect of life in which the break with the past has been the most dramatic. 10 Maximi n religion represented as Judas of Iscariot11, Saint Michael Archangel, or as the apostle Peter. Nevertheless, to the Mayan he is idolotrized completely differently. Maximi n means tied with string or lasso or in Ri-Laj-Mam12 it means the great grandfather of all the people. The oral tradition tells the story13 of Maximi n as the patron idol of traitors. Recently is believed and venerated as a sacred figure dedicated to cure diseases, remove curses, divine for the future, bless crops and win lawsuits. Even if Maximi n is evoked as deity, he also plays a political role, personifying Francisco Sojuel, hero of the Tzutuhiles14 in their resistance against the Spanish. When Sojuel died his spirit perpetuated in Maximi n in order to fight the conquerors with magic. The attendants who dress him, carry and tend Maximi n accompanied by countless swigs of liquor and two or three packs of cigarettes. The dressing of Maximi n is synonymous with the making of the icon, for although Maximi n has a heart of wood, his body in is layer upon layer of clothing and silk scarves. Resplendent in his new outfit, he is venerated and presented with gifts. He is carried through a procession around the village between the figures of Christ and Mary. After the March, Maximi n will be carried to the home of a member of the indigenous council, where he will remain until the following Holy-Week. The Day of the Dead The cult of the dead in the Mayan cultures is a mixture of their beliefs and the Christian ones. November is the month dedicated to the dead, the time when the dead are allowed to abandon the underworld and seek on earth their homes and families, their ancient lands. There they share food and drinks and when satisfied they can return to their assigned places to experience a new eternal rest for 365 days. Then, they will return again, a interminable cycle which maintains ties between life and death. The Mayas incorporated to their ritual many the customs brought by the Spaniards. They set-up altars dedicated to the dead, and as symbols of remembrance, they place photographs of loved ones, surrounded by incense, flowers, candles and drinks like aguardiente15 or atole16. The rite of dressing the grave is then continued in the cemetery in the pre-dawn hours of November 1st, where devotees leave wreaths of wax-paper flowers and prepare the fiambre17 which they eat right there, bonding life and death. .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b , .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b .postImageUrl , .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b , .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b:hover , .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b:visited , .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b:active { border:0!important; } .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b:active , .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9479eadf046e35172f0fae5c7df6535b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pearl Harbor And How It Came About EssayIn other Mayan villages, in addition to dressing the grave, they celebrate with marimba-music, fireworks and construct enormous kites measuring up to 3-meters wide. These are taken to the open fields to soar them in the open skies. This way they call to the departed, who are identify by the colours and patterns used in the kites. After they have been used, these are burned so that the dead may return to their world. The Mayan agriculture and daily meals revolve around maize. Due to its importance they believe that this crop is not only a gift from the gods, but a god itself. The Mayan calendar probably was based on the maize-cycle as well, following the lowland climate. November is the harvest month, and its probably why the Mayan took this opportunity to venerate to their ancient god of Maize, Hun-Hunahpu masking it with a Christian celebration. While most of the Christian representations of saints are wooden carved images, Saint Martin instead is a red cloth bundle with five rectangular corn meal cakes places over it . .its kept in carved wooden-chest bearing the images of a split ear of maize, a leaping deer, and other symbols representing animal and vegetal fertility18. The natives believe that the representation of Saint Martin is the benefactor of the maize harvest, and a blessing for their next cultivation, ensuring a prosperous harvest. The ritual dance consists of two men wearing jaguar costumes, continually pawing other two wearing deer costumes. One, being the priest responsible of the Saint Martin bundle. This priest is killed by one of the jaguars and is carried to the altar as a sacrificial offering. The ancient Mayan, believed jaguars to be inhabitants of the underworld, who accomplish the wishes of the patrons of death and sickness who reside there.

To what extent does Twelfth Night fit the genre of a romantic comedy Essay Example For Students

To what extent does Twelfth Night fit the genre of a romantic comedy Essay The name of this play, Twelfth Night, is a holiday period, just after Christmas in which things are said to be turned upside down. Because of the nature of the plot of the play, this title seems fitting. Twelfth Night is what we call a romantic comedy, a comic play drawing on elements of fable, often concerned with love. It is a story of deceit, deception and disguise and filled with dramatic irony, sexual tension and many different kinds of love, both gay and unrequited. It is also set in this fantasy location called Illyria, where the main character, Viola, is shipwrecked on. The main story is of a girl, Viola, who, having been shipwrecked from her presumed dead brother, decides to dress as a boy so she can get a job in a noble household. Already this confusion, trickery and a fantasy type location follow the path of a romantic comedy. This is made even more apparent when Viola, pretending to be the boy Cesario, falls in love with her master, the Duke Orsino. Meanwhile Orsino keeps up his obsessions for Olivia, the countess of a neighbouring court, getting the disguised Viola to deliver her his love messages, unaware of her true identity. The situation gets even more complicated when Olivia falls in love with Violas disguise, Cesario. To any other trust but that I am mad, or else the ladys mad. We will write a custom essay on To what extent does Twelfth Night fit the genre of a romantic comedy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The love triangle is the first, and most important part of the plot. Around this main plot are a series of subplots, including Malvolio and the attack on Puritanism, and the story of Sebastian, Violas lost brother, and his return. Not all of these sub plots are comic, or contribute to the genre of a romantic comedy, but they all relate to some form of love. Throughout the play, different kinds of love are felt and expressed by different characters. These loves vary from the self-obsessive exerted by Malvolio when he considers a union with Olivia, she that would alter services with thee, to the secret, insecure love both Orsino and Olivia feel for the disguised Viola. To understand these variations of love we need to know what real love is, or the definition atleast: An intense feeling of deep affection or fondness for a person or thing; involving great liking, sexual passion and/or to delight in, admire, and greatly cherish. Each character has his or her own ideas about what they consider true, real love. Olivia has two kinds of love, her deep lost love for her dead brother who she feels means she must spend years of her life mourning for, and her sudden lustful attraction to the disguised Viola, methinks I feel this youths perfections. Orsino on the other hand, has a desperate, relentless love for Olivia, who turns him away every time, O when mine eyes did see Olivia first, me thought she purged the air of pestilence. She does this, not because she feels nothing towards him, but because she is determined to keep her pledge to mourn her dead brother for seven years, before she marries anyone ever again. Orsino appears to love the chase, and the idea of being in love rather than ever actually loving somebody else, If music be the food of love, play on; give me excess of it. This tells us that like other characters in this play, the love he experiences, or wants to experience is not real love. During the play Orsino also hints about his strange attraction to the feminine Cesario, who is actually Viola in disguise. This slightly gay affection causes anxiety in Orsinos character, atleast in the subtext, until the truth comes out at the end of the play. .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 , .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .postImageUrl , .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 , .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23:hover , .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23:visited , .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23:active { border:0!important; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23:active , .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dramatic Device Argumentative EssayViolas love for Orsino is the truest love in the play, unfortunately her plan to disguise herself as a boy causes her a lot of trouble as she becomes unable to tell Orsino her true feelings for him, or tell Olivia why she cant return the love Olivia wants. Violas love for Orsino is an unselfish, aching love. Viola continually visits Olivias court in Orsinos attempt to gain Olivias love, and each time she tries her hardest to win Olivia over; My lord and master loves you. O such love Could be but recompensed, through you were crowned The nonpareil of beauty. Another important type of love exerted by a character in this play is the arrogant self-love, portrayed by Malvolio. The best example of this is where he opens the forged letter which he thinks has been written by Olivia, when really its been written by Maria. In this letter he thinks that Olivia loves him, I may command where I adore. Why she may command me: I serve her; she is my lady, and he begins to daydream about a life married to Olivia, imagining the wealth and respect he would have rather than the love with Olivia, Calling my officers around me, in my branched velvet gown having come from a day-bed, where I have left Olivia sleeping. Typically in a romantic comedy, the lust and love between characters causes them to do outrageous, sometimes funny, sometimes dangerous actions, and Twelfth Night is no exception. Again each different character acts in a different way to satisfy their wants, Olivia for example goes completely against her word in a vain attempt to seduce the messenger boy, Cesario, Viola in disguise, Yet come again: for thou perhaps mayst move, that heart which now abhors to like his love. Malvolio on the other hand is so enthralled by the letter he discovers he follows its commands entirely, and Malvolio gives the play a comic twist when he appears on stage with his yellow stockings, Remember who commended thy yellow-stockings And wished to see thee cross-gartered. The reason why this is comic, aside the obvious laughter it would generate from the audience, is because Malvolio is supposed to represent Puritanism, and dancing, while wearing yellow stockings is the exact opposite to what he stands fo r, which shows us how powerful his love for Olivia is. In turn Malvolio, is then imprisoned for his self-delusion by other members of Olivias court, who seek to cause Malvolio pain and anguish purely for his views on what they consider having a good time, Alas, sir, how fell you besides your five wits. Another good example of the things done by the people in the play, in the name of love, is the duel that follows the confrontation between Sir Andrew and Viola-Cesario, when he observes the attraction between his mistress Olivia, and Viola-Cesario. Marry, I saw your niece do more favours to the counts servingman than ever she bestowed upon me. I sawt ith orchard. Sir Andrew then baits Viola-Cesario into a duel, and he himself is then urged on by Sir Toby. Having told both Viola and Sir Andrew of the others supreme swordsmanship and bravery, the two prepare to fight, Sir Andrew for the affection of his mistress, but Viola for no reason at all. At the last minute Antonio intervenes and stops the duel, mistaking Viola for Sebastian. One sir that for his love dares yet do more, than you have heard him brag to you he will. In conclusion, we can see from many examples, that love twists the characters ideals and morals around, turning them into little more than fools, desperate to be with the ones they love. Throughout the play, the most common type of love shown, is the sexual lust the characters show for another, because most of the characters do not know their counterparts enough to love them on anything else other than appearance. In answer to the title of this essay, we can infer that Twelfth Night fits Shakespeares genre of romantic comedy, almost perfectly.

The Conflict In Kashmir essays

The Conflict In Kashmir essays Kashmir is located in the heart of south-central Asia and shares borders with Afghanistan, China, Pakistan and India. It has a population of 13 million of which 64% is Muslim. The official language is Urdu, Kashmiri is mostly spoken and other regional languages widely spoken are Dogri, Hindi, Dardi, Pahari en English. Kashmir is a land of breath taking scenery and a glorious climate. The Kashmir valley is surrounded by the Himalayan Mountains that used to guard it from the outer world. It has been described as an emerald set in pearls, a land of lakes, clear streams, green turf and magnificent trees and mighty mountains. Kashmir established itself as an agricultural economy. Its a country that has been noted for its abundance, and is rich in minerals such as limestone and marble. A mere 27% of the population is literate (according to a 1981 census) and the majority is working in the agriculture, mining and manufacturing section. Kashmirs history can be traced back as early as the second century when it was part of the Kushan Empire under control of Kanishka, and later part of China. After years of Buddhist and Hindu rule, Kashmir was converted to Islam in the late 14th century and became part of the Mogul Empire in 1586. The British installed a Hindu prince as ruler in 1846. The Muslim and Hindu peoples of Kashmir have lived in relative harmony and friendliness since the 13th century when Islam first became the majority religion of Kashmir. Occasionally however, there have been rulers and leaders who have had a narrow view of Islam, and have subjected Hindu minorities to great cruelties and discrimination. The current armed secessionist movement in Kashmir mostly derives inspiration from these people. In 1947 the British gave up their dominant rule over India. The new republics of Pakistan and India were now in competition for control over Kashmir w ...

The Origins of the Roman Festival Lupercalia

The Origins of the Roman Festival Lupercalia Lupercalia is one of the most ancient of the Roman holidays (one of the feriae listed on ancient calendars from even before the time Julius Caesar reformed the calendar). It is familiar to us today for two main reasons: It is associated with Valentines Day.It is the setting for Caesars refusal of the crown that was made immortal by Shakespeare, in his ​Julius Caesar. This is important in two ways: the association of Julius Caesar and the Lupercalia gives us some insight into the final months of Caesars life as well as a look at the Roman holiday. The name of the Lupercalia was talked about a lot in the wake of the 2007 discovery of the legendary Lupercal cave  - where, supposedly, the twins Romulus and Remus were suckled by a she-wolf. The Lupercalia may be the longest-lasting of the Roman pagan festivals. Some modern Christian festivals, like Christmas and Easter, took on elements of earlier pagan religions, but they are not essentially Roman, pagan holidays. Lupercalia may have started at the time of the founding of Rome (traditionally 753 B.C.) or even before. It ended about 1200 years later, at the end of the 5th century A.D., at least in the West, although it continued in the East for another few centuries. There may be many reasons why Lupercalia lasted so long, but most important must have been its wide appeal. Why Is Lupercalia Associated With Valentine's Day? If all you know about Lupercalia is that it was the background for Mark Antony to offer the crown to Caesar 3 times in Act I of Shakespeares Julius Caesar, you probably wouldnt guess that Lupercalia was associated with Valentines Day. Other than Lupercalia, the big calendar event in Shakespeares tragedy is the Ides of March, March 15. Although scholars have argued that Shakespeare did not intend to portray Lupercalia as the day before the assassination, it sure sounds that way. Cicero points to the danger to the Republic that Caesar presented on this Lupercalia, according to J.A. North- a danger the assassins addressed on that Ides. It was also, to quote Cicero (Philippic I3): that day on which, sodden with wine, smothered with perfumes and naked (Antony) dared to urge the groaning people of Rome into slavery by offering Caesar the diadem that symbolized the kingship.Caesar at the Lupercalia, by J. A. North; The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 98 (2008), pp. 144-160 Chronologically, Lupercalia was a full month before the Ides of March. Lupercalia was February 15 or February 13-15, a period either proximate to or covering modern Valentines Day. History of Lupercalia Lupercalia conventionally starts with the founding of Rome (traditionally, 753 B.C.), but may be a more ancient import, coming from Greek Arcadia and honoring Lycaean  Pan, the Roman  Inuus  or Faunus. [Lycaean is a word connected with the Greek for wolf as seen in the term lycanthropy for werewolf.] Agnes Kirsopp Michaels says Lupercalia only goes back to the 5th century B.C. Tradition has the legendary twin brothers Romulus and Remus establishing the Lupercalia with 2  gentes, one for each brother. Each  gens  contributed members to the priestly college that performed the ceremonies, with Jupiters priest, the  flamen  dialis, in charge, from at least the time of  Augustus. The priestly college was called the  Sodales Luperci  and the priests were known as  Luperci. The original 2  gentes  were the Fabii, on behalf of Remus, and the Quinctilii, for Romulus. Anecdotally, the Fabii were almost annihilated, in 479. at  Cremera  (Veientine  Wars) and the most famous member of the Quinctilii has the distinction of being the Roman leader at the disastrous battle at  Teutoberg Forest  (Varus and the Disaster at Teutoberg Wald). Later, Julius Caesar made a short-lived addition to the  gentes  who could serve as Luperci, the Julii. When Mark Antony ran as a Luperci in 44 B.C., it was the first time the Luperci Juliani had appeared at the Lupercalia and Antony was their leader. By September of the same year, Antony was complaining that the new group had been disbanded [J. A. North and Neil McLynn]. Although originally the Luperci had to be aristocrats, the  Sodales Luperci  came to include equestrians, and then, the lower classes. Etymologically, Luperci, Lupercalia, and Lupercal all relate to the Latin for wolf  lupus, as do various Latin words connected with brothels. The Latin for she-wolf was slang for prostitute. The legends say that Romulus and Remus were nursed by a she-wolf in the Lupercal. Servius, a  4th-century  pagan commentator on  Vergil, says that it was in the Lupercal that  Mars  ravished and impregnated the twins mother. (Servius  ad. Aen. 1.273) The Performance The cavorting  Sodales Luperci  performed an annual purification of the city in the month for purification February. Since early in Roman history March was the start of the New Year, the period of February was a time to get rid of the old and prepare for the new. There were two stages to the events of the Lupercalia: The first was at the site where the twins Romulus and Remus were said to have been found being suckled by the she-wolf. This is the Lupercal. There, priests sacrificed a goat and a dog whose blood they smeared on the foreheads of the young men who would soon go prancing naked around the Palatine (or sacred way) aka the Luperci. The hide of the sacrificial animals was cut into strips for use as lashes by the Luperci after the necessary feasts and drinking.Following the feast, the second stage began, with the Luperci running around naked, joking, and hitting women with their goatskin thongs. Naked or scantily-clad festival celebrants, the Luperci probably ran about the area of the  Palatine  settlement. Cicero [Phil. 2.34, 43; 3.5; 13.15] is indignant at a  nudus,  unctus,  ebrius  naked, oiled, drunk Antony serving as Lupercus. We dont know why the Luperci were naked.  Plutarch  says it was for speed. While running, the Luperci struck those men or women they encountered with goatskin thongs (or perhaps a  lagobolon  throwing stick in the early years) following the opening event: a sacrifice of goat or goat and dog. If the Luperci, in their run, circled the Palatine Hill, it would have been impossible for Caesar, who was at the rostra, to have witnessed the entire proceedings from one spot. He could, however, have seen the climax. The naked Luperci started at the Lupercal, ran (wherever they ran, Palatine Hill or elsewhere), and ended at the Comitium. The running of the Luperci was a spectacle. Wiseman says  Varro  called the Luperci actors (ludii). The first stone theater in Rome was to have overlooked the Lupercal. There is even a reference in Lactantius to the Luperci wearing dramatic masks. Speculation abounds as to the reason for the striking with the thongs or  lagobola. Perhaps the Luperci struck men and women to sever any deadly influence they were under, as Michaels suggests. That they might be under such an influence has to do with the fact that one of the festivals to honor the dead, the Parentalia, occurred at about the same time. If the act was to ensure fertility, it could be that the striking of the women was to represent penetration. Wiseman says that obviously, the husbands wouldnt have wanted the Luperci actually copulating with their wives, but symbolic penetration, broken skin, made by a piece of a fertility symbol (goat), could be effective. Striking women is thought to have been a fertility measure, but there was also a decided sexual component. The women may have bared their backs to the thongs from the festivals inception. According to Wiseman (citing Suet. Aug.), after 276 B.C., young married women (matronae) were encouraged to bare their bodies. Augustus ruled out beardless young men from serving as Luperci because of their irresistibility, even though they were probably no longer naked. Some classical writers refer to the Luperci as wearing goatskin loincloths by the 1st century B.C. Goats and the Lupercalia Goats are symbols of sexuality and fertility.  Amaltheas goat horn brimming with milk became the  cornucopia. One of the most lascivious of the gods was Pan/Faunus, represented as having horns and a caprine bottom half. Ovid (through whom we are chiefly familiar with the events of the Lupercalia) names him as the god of the Lupercalia. Before the run, the Luperci priests performed their sacrifices of goats or goats and dog, which Plutarch calls the enemy of the wolf. This leads to another of the problems scholars discuss, the fact that the  flamen  dialis  was present at the Lupercalia (Ovid  Fasti  2. 267-452) in the time of Augustus. This priest of Jupiter was forbidden to touch a dog or goat and may have been forbidden even to look at a dog. Holleman suggests that Augustus added the presence of the  flamen  dialis  to a ceremony at which he had earlier been absent. Another Augustan innovation may have been the goatskin on previously naked Luperci, which would h ave been part of an attempt to make the ceremony decent. Flagellation By the second century A.D. some of the elements of sexuality had been removed from the Lupercalia. Fully dressed matrons stretched out their hands to be whipped. Later, the representations show women humiliated by flagellation at the hands of men fully dressed and no longer running about. Self-flagellation was part of the rites of Cybele on the day of blood  dies  sanguinis  (March 16). Roman flagellation could be fatal. Horace (Sat., I, iii) writes about  horribile  flagellum, but the whip so used may have been a rougher sort. Scourging became a common practice in the monastic communities. It would seem likely, and we think Wiseman agrees (p. 17), that with the early churchs attitudes towards women and mortification of the flesh, Lupercalia fit right in despite its association with a pagan deity. In The God of the Lupercalia, T. P. Wiseman suggests a variety of related gods may have been the god of the Lupercalia. As mentioned above, Ovid counted Faunus as the god of the Lupercalia. For Livy, it was  Inuus. Other possibilities include Mars, Juno, Pan, Lupercus, Lycaeus, Bacchus, and Februus. The god itself was less important than the festival. The End of the Lupercalia Sacrifice, which was a part of  Roman  ritual, had been prohibited since A.D. 341, but the Lupercalia survived beyond this date. Generally, the end of the Lupercalia festival is attributed to  Pope Gelasius  (494-496). Wiseman believes it was another late  5th century  pope,  Felix III. The ritual had become important to the civic life of Rome and was believed to help prevent pestilence, but as the pope charged, it was no longer being performed in the proper manner. Instead of the noble families running around naked (or in a loincloth), riffraff was running around clothed. The pope also mentioned that it was more a fertility festival than a purification rite and there was pestilence even when the ritual was performed. The popes lengthy document seems to have put an end to the celebration of Lupercalia in Rome, but in  Constantinople, again, according to Wiseman, the festival continued to the tenth century. Sources Caesar at the Lupercalia, by J. A. North;  The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 98 (2008), pp. 144-160.An Enigmatic Function of the Flamen Dialis (Ovid, Fast., 2.282) and the Augustan Reform, by A. W. J. Holleman.  Numen, Vol. 20, Fasc. 3. (Dec.,  1973), pp. 222-228.The God of the Lupercal, by T. P. Wiseman.  The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 85. (1995), pp. 1-22.Postscript to the Lupercalia: From Caesar to Andromachus, by J. A. North and Neil McLynn;  The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 98 (2008), pp. 176-181.Some Notes on the Lupercalia, by E. Sachs.  The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 84, No. 3. (Jul.,  1963), pp. 266-279.The Topography and Interpretation of the Lupercalia, by Agnes Kirsopp Michels.  Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Vol. 84. (1953), pp. 35-59.The Lupercalia in the Fifth Century, by William M. Green.  Classical Philology, Vol. 26, No. 1. (Jan.,  1931), pp. 60-69.

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